"Massad’s contribution, in other words, is to posit Islam not as something in contention with liberalism — as a claim to a particularist set of values — but rather as formative of the liberal project itself. In this way Massad destabilizes a singularly European history of liberalism. An imagined Islam has always been present within this European project and any attempt to grapple with that project today must attend to the construction and elision of Islam at liberalism’s core."