"Among these is the Syrian philosopher Sadik al-Azm, whose “Self-Criticism After the Defeat” was published in 1968: it disputed the dominant Arab narrative that the defeat was due only to outside forces of imperialism and colonialism. He argued that Arab societies needed to modernize by embracing democracy..." I guarantee you that he has not read this book which was published in Arabic (and has not appeared in English--a translation will be published by Saqi Books--and I know that Bazzi can't read Arabic). What democracy? Bazzi is extrapolating the views of Azm now on his book published after 1967. Azm was not concerned with democracy then: if you read the book you realize that he was calling for "people's liberation war" in response to Israeli aggression and occupation. Azm then called Arabs to embrace people's war and Marxism and not democracy. And then Bazzi says: "the Lebanese journalist Samir Kassir published a powerful short book..." I guarantee you that he read Kassir's short book (in English) because it has no insights or original thoughts whatsoever--unless you count "we have to modernize" as an original insight on Arab affairs.