"But after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, World War II, and decolonization, cosmopolitanism clashed with nationalism across the Arab world. The expulsions of minorities, who were often associated with the colonizing powers, led to increasing cultural and social homogenization." Who expelled minorities? Which minorities? You certainly are not talking about the explosion of Palestinians from their homeland. Zionists claimed for decades that Egyptian Jews were expelled from Egypt while recently they are now condeding that such explosion never actually took place. And what is Ghattas claiming? That the Middle East was a great tolerant place until the Arab Jews and foreigners left the region and then it became backward? But look at her internalized racism: she basically says that when the European and Jews left everything went down hill. If only colonialism can come back, o Ms. Ghattas. You would be most happy. She says: "Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser kicking out thousands of French, Greeks, Italians, and Jews, putting an end to the golden age of Alexandria." And look at her racism against Syrian refugees: "many worry about the long-term impact of the influx in recent years of around a million mostly Sunni, mostly conservative Syrian refugees on the fabric of society." So she is saying that if only those refugees are Christians then they would have been civilized. And she claims that Iran is settling Shi`ites in Syria. This fabrication is just that: a fabrication and has never been proven. I thought I could never find anything more distasteful than her hagiography of Hillary Clinton. This is even worse.